1745


 * Year: **1745

**Brief History of England: **

George II   The current Monarch of England at this time was George II (1683-1760). George II was the King of Great Britain and Ireland, the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, which is now northern Germany, and the Elector Prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He held these varying positions from around June 11th 1727 and until his death. This last position of his consists of being a member of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, also known as an Elector. Since the 13th century the privilege of electing the King of the Romans or, from the middle of the 16th century onwards, the Holy Roman Emperor was one of their responsibilities. The heir apparent to a Prince Elector was known as an Electoral Prince. The dignity of an Elector carried great prestige and was second only to the King or the Emperor. George II also was the last British monarch born outside of Great Britain. He was born and raised in Hanover which is in northern Germany.  In June of 1705, George II assumed the false name of "Monsieur de Busch" and he did so to investigate the Ansbach court. This ploy of his was to find a marriage prospect which turned out to be Caroline of Ansbach. She was the former ward of his aunt, Queen Sophia Charlotte. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July. On September 2nd 1705, Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held that same evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. This marriage contract business took place because George I did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had. Because of this he wanted his son to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made.

Henry Pelham

 The current Prime Minister of England at this time was Henry Pelham (1694-1754). Henry Pelham was a British Whig statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain from August 27th 1743 until his death. Whig’s were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested for power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whig party was mostly in favor of people of commerce and the Torie party was mostly in favor of people of the land. Considered by most he is Britain's third Prime Minister. He succeeded Sir Robert Walpole, The Duke of Newcastle, and he preceded Spencer Compton, the 1st Earl of Wilmington.

**Important events that took place in 1745: **

April 30th-May 11th


 * War of the Austrian Succession: British forces were defeated at the Battle of Fontenoy.

June 16th


 * King George's War: British capture Cape Breton Island in North America from the French.

June 26th


 * The earliest known women's cricket match took place at Gosden Common in Surrey.

August 15th-August 26th


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">War of the Austrian Succession: At the Convention of Hanover, King George II makes peace overtures with Prussia and ends his support for Austria.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">September 28th


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5;">The song that later became the British national anthem “God Save the King” is first performed at the Drury Lane Theatre in London in a setting by Thomas Arne.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jacobite Rising in England: **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The Jacobite Rising of 1745 was the attempt of Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for the exiled House of Stuart. The rising occurred during the War of the Austrian Succession. Charles Edward Stuart along with Lord George Murray attempted this when most of the British Army was on the European continent fighting in the War of the Austrian Succession. Charles Edward Stuart was commonly known as "Bonnie Prince Charlie" or "the Young Pretender." This uprising that Charles Edward Stuart lead ended in his defeat at the Battle of Culloden, April 16th 1746. At the same time this effectively ended the Jacobite cause in Europe. Jacobite’s supported the Stuart claim due to hopes for religious toleration for Roman Catholicism and a belief in the divine right of kings. Because of the devastation that followed the British government wished to ensure that another Jacobite rising could never take place again. The Heritable Jurisdictions Act of 1746 removed from Scottish lords all heritable jurisdictions.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Jacobite Rising Timeline:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> July 23rd- Charles Edward Stuart lands on Eriskay in the Hebrides in Scotland.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> August 16th- A Jacobite victory at Highbridge Skirmish.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> August 19th- Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard at Glenfinnan.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> September 11th- Jacobite’s enter Edinburgh.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> September 17th- Charles Edward Stuart proclaims his father James Francis Edward Stuart as James VIII of Scotland, in Edinburgh.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> September 21st- British Loyalist forces are defeated at the Battle of Prestonpans.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> November 15th- Jacobite’s capture Carlisle.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> December 4th- Jacobite forces reach Derby.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> December 6th- Jacobite forces decide to retreat to Scotland.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> December 18th- A Jacobite victory at the Clifton Moor Skirmish. This was the last action between the two military forces on English soil.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> December 23rd- A Jacobite victory at the Battle of Inverurie. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Gentleman’s Magazine: **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The Gentleman's Magazine was founded in London, England in January of 1731, by Edward Cave. Edward Cave (1691-1754) was an English printer, publisher, and editor for the Gentleman’s Magazine. This magazine ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years. Its conclusion wasn’t until 1922. It was the first printed media to use the term “magazine” for a periodical. This magazine was intended to be read by the educated public and the news spanned from simple commodity prices to general news to poetry and literature.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Volume 15 spans all twelve months from the year of 1745. The literature and poetical sections of the magazine mostly comprise of satirical pieces. In this year two wars were being fought: War of the Austrian Succession and the Jacobite Rising. Most of volume 15 of the Gentleman’s Magazine consists of lists of deaths, lists of military troop sizes, and political comments. It seems like the section dedicated to the arts was used to relieve stress.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The January issue in volume 15 from this magazine a Mr. Macklin made his return to The Theatre Royal at Drury Lane. Charles Macklin, an Irish actor and dramatist, in his return to the theatre he read the prologue to George Ogle’s Aurelia: A Character. Charles McLaughlin, as the English called him, revolutionized theatre by introducing “natural style” to acting.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> On May 30th 1744 Alexander Pope died. A prevailing literary piece that was published in the Gentleman’s Magazine was an “Essay on Satire: Occasion'd by the death of Mr. Pope”, this was published anonymously.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The March issue had an interesting piece to its arts section. “A New Song,” written by a Mr. Howard was published on the page. This song is interesting because it is sung by a person who is consumed by sorrow and grief. The singer sings about the goddess Daphne and why they feel the way the feel when she seems to be present and far away.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Drury Lane Company: **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> At the Theatre Royal the Drury Lane Company performed William Shakespeare’s “King Lear”. The main actors and actresses were:

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> David Garrick as King Lear

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Mrs. Bennet as Goneril

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Mrs. Cross as Regan

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Anna Lyddal Giffard as Cordelia

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Henry Gifford as Edgar

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;"> William Harvard as Edmund. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">--- <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Works Cited <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">“The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Chronicle.” The Gentleman’s Magazine. Vol. 15. [1-728]. January 1745. Web. 9 July 2015. <https://books.google.com/books?id=f2YdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=aurelia+by+george+ogle&source=bl&ots=pL9Xmfmtmv&sig=ivVzjFtttsC1vqO5wSrl0_4R8Pc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wZKeVdbKLtDqoATY-qiwBg&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=aurelia%20by%20george%20ogle&f=false> Internet Shakespeare Editions. Shakespeare in Performance: Stage Production. King Lear (1745, The Drury Lane Company). University of Victoria. Web. 9 July 2015. Wikipedia.org. George II of Great Britain. Web. 5 July 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain> Wikipedia.org. Henry Pelham. Web. 5 July 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pelham> Wikipedia.org. Jacobite rising of 1745. Web. 5 July 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745> Wikipedia.org. Prince-elector. Web. 5 July 2015 .<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector> Wikipedia.org. Whigs (British political party). Web. 5 July 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)> Wikipedia.org. 1745 in Great Britain. Web. 5 July 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1745_in_Great_Britain>